A cikin masana'antar photovoltaic, perovskite yana cikin buƙatu mai zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Dalilin da ya sa ya fito a matsayin "wanda aka fi so" a fagen kwayoyin hasken rana shine saboda yanayinsa na musamman. Calcium titanium tama yana da kyawawan kaddarorin photovoltaic da yawa, tsari mai sauƙi na shirye-shirye, da nau'ikan albarkatun ƙasa da abun ciki mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da perovskite a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, sufurin jiragen sama, gine-gine, na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya sawa da dai sauransu.
A ranar 21 ga Maris, Ningde Times ta nemi takardar izinin “Calcium Titanite Solar cell da hanyar shiri da na’urar wutar lantarki”. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da goyon bayan manufofi da matakai na cikin gida, masana'antar calcium-titanium, wanda ke wakiltar ƙwayoyin calcium-titanium ore solar cell, ya sami ci gaba sosai. To, menene perovskite? Yaya masana'antu na perovskite yake? Wadanne kalubale ne har yanzu suke fuskanta? Wakilin Kimiyya da Fasaha Daily ya tattauna da masana da abin ya shafa.
Perovskite ba alli ko titanium ba.
Abubuwan da ake kira perovskites ba alli ko titanium ba ne, amma kalma ɗaya ce ta nau'in "ceramic oxides" tare da tsarin crystal iri ɗaya, tare da tsarin kwayoyin ABX3. Yana nufin "babban radius cation", B don "ƙarfe cation" da X don "halogen anion". A tsaye ga "babban radius cation", B na nufin "karfe cation" da X na nufin "halogen anion". Wadannan ions guda uku na iya nuna kaddarorin jiki masu ban mamaki da yawa ta hanyar tsara abubuwa daban-daban ko ta hanyar daidaita tazara tsakanin su, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga insulation, ferroelectricity, antiferromagnetism, giant magnetic sakamako, da dai sauransu.
"Bisa ga abubuwan da aka tsara na kayan, perovskites za a iya raba kusan kashi uku: hadadden karfe oxide perovskites, Organic hybrid perovskites, da inorganic halogenated perovskites." Luo Jingshan, farfesa a Makarantar Ilimin Lantarki da Injiniya ta Jami'ar Nankai, ya gabatar da cewa calcium titanites yanzu da ake amfani da su a cikin hotunan hoto yawanci na biyu ne.
Ana iya amfani da perovskite a fagage da yawa kamar su tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa, sararin samaniya, gini, da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki. Daga cikin su, filin photovoltaic shine babban yanki na aikace-aikacen perovskite. Tsarin titanite na Calcium suna da ƙima sosai kuma suna da kyakkyawan aikin hoto, wanda shine sanannen jagorar bincike a fagen hotovoltaic a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Harkokin masana'antu na perovskite yana haɓaka, kuma kamfanoni na gida suna fafatawa don shimfidawa. An ba da rahoton cewa guda 5,000 na farko na kayan aikin calcium titanium ore da aka aika daga Hangzhou Fina Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd; Har ila yau, Renshuo Photovoltaic (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. yana haɓaka aikin ginin mafi girma na 150 MW na cikakken calcium titanium ore laminated matukin jirgi; Kunshan GCL Photoelectric Materials Co. Ltd. 150 MW calcium-titanium ore photovoltaic module samar layin da aka kammala da kuma aiki a cikin Disamba 2022, da kuma shekara-shekara fitarwa darajar zai iya kai Yuan miliyan 300 bayan isa samar.
Calcium titanium ore yana da fa'ida a bayyane a cikin masana'antar photovoltaic
A cikin masana'antar photovoltaic, perovskite yana cikin buƙatu mai zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Dalilin da ya sa ya fito a matsayin "wanda aka fi so" a fagen kwayoyin hasken rana shi ne saboda yanayinsa na musamman.
"Da farko, perovskite yana da kyawawan kaddarorin optoelectronic masu yawa, irin su daidaitacce ratar band, babban sha mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin ɗaurin kuzarin kuzari, babban motsi mai ɗaukar kaya, babban haƙuri mai lahani, da sauransu; Abu na biyu, tsarin shirye-shiryen perovskite yana da sauƙi kuma yana iya cimma daidaito, ultra-lightness, ultra-thinness, sassauci, da dai sauransu. A ƙarshe, perovskite albarkatun ƙasa suna da yawa kuma suna da yawa. Luo Jingshan ya gabatar. Kuma shirye-shiryen perovskite kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin tsabta na albarkatun ƙasa.
A halin yanzu, filin PV yana amfani da adadi mai yawa na siliki na tushen hasken rana, wanda za'a iya raba su zuwa silicon monocrystalline, siliki na polycrystalline, da ƙwayoyin siliki na amorphous. The theoretical photoelectric hira iyakacin duniya silicon Kwayoyin ne 29.4%, da kuma halin yanzu dakin gwaje-gwaje yanayi zai iya kai a kalla 26.7%, wanda yake kusa da rufin tuba; ana iya hasashen cewa babban riba na ci gaban fasaha shima zai zama karami da karami. Sabanin haka, ingantaccen juzu'in juzu'i na sel perovskite yana da ƙimar madaidaicin ka'ida na 33%, kuma idan ƙwayoyin perovskite guda biyu suna tara sama da ƙasa tare, ingantaccen juzu'i na iya kaiwa 45%.
Baya ga "inganci", wani muhimmin mahimmanci shine "farashin". Misali, dalilin da ya sa ba za a iya saukowa farashin batir na fim na farko ba, shi ne, ajiyar cadmium da gallium, wadanda ba su da yawa a duniya, sun yi kadan, kuma a sakamakon haka, masana'antar ta kara bunkasa. shine, mafi girman buƙatu, haɓakar farashin samarwa, kuma bai taɓa samun damar zama samfura na yau da kullun ba. Ana rarraba albarkatun kasa na perovskite da yawa a cikin ƙasa, kuma farashin yana da arha sosai.
Bugu da kari, kauri na calcium-titanium tare rufi na calcium-titanium ore baturi ne kawai ƴan dari nanometers, game da 1/500th na na silicon wafers, wanda ke nufin cewa bukatar kayan ne kadan kadan. Misali, buqatar abin da ake buqata a duniya na kayan silicon na sel silicon crystalline kusan tan 500,000 a kowace shekara, kuma idan an maye gurbinsu da ƙwayoyin perovskite, kusan tan 1,000 na perovskite kawai za a buƙaci.
Dangane da farashin masana'anta, ƙwayoyin silicon kristal suna buƙatar tsarkakewar silicon zuwa 99.9999%, don haka silicon dole ne a mai da shi zuwa digiri 1400 a ma'aunin celcius, a narke a cikin ruwa, zana cikin sanduna da yanka, sannan a haɗa su cikin sel, tare da aƙalla masana'antu huɗu da biyu. zuwa kwana uku a tsakanin, da kuma yawan amfani da makamashi. Sabanin haka, don samar da ƙwayoyin perovskite, kawai wajibi ne a yi amfani da ruwa mai tushe na perovskite zuwa substrate sannan jira crystallization. Dukan tsari kawai ya ƙunshi gilashin, fim ɗin m, perovskite da kayan sinadarai, kuma ana iya kammala su a cikin ma'aikata ɗaya, kuma duka tsari yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 45 kawai.
"Kwayoyin hasken rana da aka shirya daga perovskite suna da ingantacciyar hanyar canza canjin hoto, wanda ya kai 25.7% a wannan matakin, kuma yana iya maye gurbin sel na tushen silicon na gargajiya a nan gaba don zama babban kasuwancin kasuwanci." Luo Jingshan ya ce.
Akwai manyan matsaloli guda uku da ya kamata a magance su don bunkasa masana'antu
A cikin ci gaban masana'antu na chalcocite, har yanzu mutane suna buƙatar magance matsalolin 3, wato kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na chalcocite, babban shiri na yanki da kuma gubar gubar.
Na farko, perovskite yana da matukar damuwa ga yanayin, kuma dalilai irin su zafin jiki, zafi, haske, da nauyin kewayawa na iya haifar da rushewar perovskite da rage yawan tasirin tantanin halitta. A halin yanzu mafi yawan ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje na perovskite ba su cika ka'idodin IEC 61215 na duniya don samfuran photovoltaic ba, kuma ba su kai shekaru 10-20 na rayuwar silicon hasken rana ba, don haka farashin perovskite har yanzu ba shi da fa'ida a fagen hoto na gargajiya. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin lalata na perovskite da na'urorinsa yana da matukar rikitarwa, kuma babu cikakkiyar fahimtar tsari a cikin filin, kuma babu wani ma'auni na ƙididdige ƙididdiga, wanda ke cutar da bincike na kwanciyar hankali.
Wani babban batu shi ne yadda za a shirya su a kan babban sikelin. A halin yanzu, lokacin da aka gudanar da nazarin ingantawa na na'ura a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, tasirin haske mai tasiri na na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su yawanci bai wuce 1 cm2 ba, kuma idan ya zo ga matakin aikace-aikacen kasuwanci na manyan abubuwa, ana buƙatar inganta hanyoyin shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje. ko maye gurbinsu. Babban hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu don shirye-shiryen manyan fina-finai na perovskite shine hanyar warwarewa da kuma hanyar zubar da ruwa. A cikin hanyar warwarewa, ƙaddamarwa da rabo na bayani na farko, nau'in nau'in nau'i, da lokacin ajiya yana da tasiri mai girma akan ingancin fina-finai na perovskite. Hanyar evaporation na Vacuum yana shirya kyawawan inganci da iya sarrafawa na fina-finai na perovskite, amma yana da wuya a sake samun kyakkyawar hulɗa tsakanin masu haɓakawa da masu haɓakawa. Bugu da kari, saboda cajin jigilar na'urar na'urar perovskite shima yana buƙatar shirya shi a cikin babban yanki, layin samarwa tare da ci gaba da ajiyar kowane Layer yana buƙatar kafa a cikin samar da masana'antu. Gabaɗaya, tsarin shirye-shiryen manyan yanki na fina-finai na bakin ciki na perovskite har yanzu yana buƙatar ƙarin haɓakawa.
A ƙarshe, gubar gubar ita ma al'amarin damuwa ne. A lokacin tsarin tsufa na na'urorin perovskite masu inganci na yanzu, perovskite zai bazu don samar da ions na gubar kyauta da kuma gubar monomers, wanda zai zama haɗari ga lafiya da zarar sun shiga jikin mutum.
Luo Jingshan ya yi imanin cewa za a iya magance matsaloli kamar kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar tattara kayan aikin. "Idan a nan gaba, an warware waɗannan matsalolin guda biyu, akwai kuma tsarin shirye-shiryen balagagge, kuma za su iya yin na'urorin perovskite a cikin gilashin translucent ko yi a saman gine-gine don cimma haɗin gine-gine na photovoltaic, ko kuma sanya su cikin na'urori masu sassaucin ra'ayi don sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. sauran filayen, ta yadda perovskite a sararin samaniya ba tare da ruwa da oxygen yanayi don taka iyakar rawa. " Luo Jingshan yana da kwarin gwiwa game da makomar perovskite.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-15-2023